Having a strong interest in experimentation as well, she thought it was important any such study of self-psychology also be born out in scientific research. Studying under William James and Hugo Münsterberg at Harvard, Mary Whiton Calkins is best known for her studies and writings in self-psychology, a new theory building upon other schools of thought related to the study of the self. His theories of behavior reinforcement led to the creation of token economies - forms of behavior modification still in use today (often used with children for chores, but also in psychiatric inpatient settings). This led to the creation of theories about ideal reward reinforcement schedules. In order to create such designs, he created a number of experimental inventions, including the operant conditioning chamber - known more commonly as a “Skinner box.” By manipulating either a lever or a disk in a way, an animal in the box (most often a rat or pigeon) could receive a reward. Skinner is known for his focus on reliable, replicable experimental designs in the study of behavior. He called his form of behaviorism “radical behaviorism.” He received his doctorate from Harvard in 1931, where he went on to spend the majority of his professional career. stands for Burrhus Frederic) is an American psychologist who is best known for his work on operant conditioning, a form of behavior modification that helps explain and alter behaviors. He and his family fled Austria for London in 1938 with the rise of the Nazi Party and to escape from persecution. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung were famous students of Freud’s original theories, but left his circle as their views started to diverge from Freud’s own.įreud led an illustrious life in his role as the father of psychoanalytic theory. In the early 1900s, he began to meet with his followers, which culminated in the 1908 meet of the first International Psychoanalytic Congress. As more colleagues read his work, he started to develop a following. After working in Vienna’s hospital for a few years, he changed direction and went into private practice in 1886 specializing in the care and treatment of “nervous disorders.”īy the late 1890s, he was referring to his work as “psychoanalysis” and began publishing papers and books on his work. As a part of his studies, he worked for six years in a physiology lab, studying the brains of humans and other mammals, which likely helped foster his lifelong fascination and study of the mind. Giving rise to more pop psychology memes than any other person on this list, Sigmund Freud was an Austrian born physician who graduated with his MD in 1881. James also contributed significantly to the philosophy of religion. That reaction create a physiological sensation, that we in turn label an emotion or feeling. The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that all emotion is simply the mind’s reaction to some stimulus in the environment. “Me” is further divided into the material self, the social self, and the spiritual self, while the “I” James considered to be pure ego - what we today might think of as the soul (or consciousness). His theory of self suggested that individuals divide themselves into two categories, Me and I. James is known for a number of theories in psychology, including the theory of self, the James-Lange theory of emotion, pragmatic theory of truth, and the two-stage model of free will. Harvard also housed the country’s first psychology laboratory (image below). The first doctoral degree in psychology was granted to Wundt’s student, G. Instead he taught at Harvard, beginning 1873 first in physiology, then offering the first course in “physiological psychology” - psychology’s initial name in the U.S. degree in 1869 from Harvard, but he never practiced medicine. Some of these were propagated by his own students, especially Titchener. Unfortunately, due to language differences, some of Wundt’s work was misunderstood and led to many misconceptions about his beliefs and theories. Stanley Hall, the father of both child and adolescent psychology, and Edward Bradford Titchener, the developer of a theory of the mind called structuralism. According to Wikipedia, some of his more famous American students include: James McKeen Cattell, the first professor of psychology in the United States G. His laboratory was wildly successful in churning out new psychologists to help in the expansion of this new field. This marks the official start of psychology as an independent science of individual human behavior and the mind. Along with a slew of graduate students, Wundt conducted many of the first experiments into human behavior in trying to unravel the mysteries of the mind. Born in 1832, he founded the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879. Psychology might not have ever been the science that it is today were it not German scientist, physician, and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt.
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